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1.
Consider N independent stochastic processes \((X_i(t), t\in [0,T])\), \(i=1,\ldots , N\), defined by a stochastic differential equation with random effects where the drift term depends linearly on a random vector \(\Phi _i\) and the diffusion coefficient depends on another linear random effect \(\Psi _i\). For these effects, we consider a joint parametric distribution. We propose and study two approximate likelihoods for estimating the parameters of this joint distribution based on discrete observations of the processes on a fixed time interval. Consistent and \(\sqrt{N}\)-asymptotically Gaussian estimators are obtained when both the number of individuals and the number of observations per individual tend to infinity. The estimation methods are investigated on simulated data and show good performances. 相似文献
2.
We outline a systematic approach to incorporate macroeconomic information into firm level forecasting from the perspective of an equity investor. Using a global sample of 198,315 firm-years over the 1998–2010 time period, we find that combining firm level exposures to countries (via geographic segment data) with forecasts of country level performance, is able to generate superior forecasts for firm fundamentals. This result is particularly evident for purely domestic firms. We further find that this forecasting benefit is associated with future excess stock returns. These relations are stronger after periods of higher dispersion in expected country level performance. 相似文献
3.
The goal of the Finnish experiment that started this year is to try to get some evidence on how a new social policy instrument mimicking a basic income would work and what kind of behavioural consequences it would have. At this point, there are many strong arguments being made both in favour of and opposed to basic income. Unfortunately, there are not enough facts yet. The Finnish experiment hopes to change that. 相似文献
4.
The automotive industry is one of the most important industries in Europe. This industry is responsible for 14% of total production and capital investment in the European manufacturing sector, and in Germany the share amounts to 22%. Structural change within this crucial sector is of relevance for the whole economy. Along with alternative propulsion systems such as electromobility, (semi-)autonomous vehicles are one of the big trends in the automotive industry. For established providers, the possibility of disruptive change poses a threat to existing markets, while a gradual introduction of new technologies also increases competition. Nevertheless, with their strong market position in the premium segment and especially their relevant research activities, European and especially German automotive manufacturers are well placed to successfully master the coming challenges in the automotive market. 相似文献
5.
The recent publication of the previously secret Agreement on Net Financial Assets (ANFA) directed the public’s attention to the possibility that national central banks could create money through purchases of securities on their own account. This paper provides an overview of the legal foundations for ANFA and shows the varying extent to which the member countries use these regulations. What are the interests, risks and consequences for the countries in crisis and the currency union as a whole? Is the ECB properly monitoring ANFA purchases? Could money creation via ANFA act as an explosive device for the currency union? 相似文献
6.
When using professional buyers to study an organizations buying behavior an important consideration is whether their preferences reflect those of the organization. Since this is a key informant problem, the present article focuses on the issue of the degree to which key informants can be used to provide insights into their own organizations preferences. We conduct a direct test of the key informant assumption using the Swait-Louviere test. In this test preferences from a choice experiment using actual buyers, and from market decisions made by the organization, are estimated separately, then jointly in multinomial logit models. We found that buyers experimental preferences were similar to estimates obtained from the market decisions. Buyers preferences were closer to the intuitive preferences of the organizations top executives than the estimates based on past market decisions, although a model based on the combined data outperformed either. We discuss the implications of these results for industrial buying research.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with a corrected cover date. 相似文献
7.
Agents make decisions by trading off cost, return and risk. The literature, however, does not consider the impact of risk on action choice. We show that this tradeoff has important implications for the firm. First, the firm may provide no insurance in the salary. Since the agents action choice will determine her risk, the salary cannot compensate her for it. Second, the firm may not be able to design an incentive scheme to implement particularly risky actions. Finally, the firm may not be able to design a scheme in which the agent splits her effort across multiple tasks. This is particularly problematic for tasks that are technological substitutes. 相似文献
8.
Prof. Dr. Bernd Lucke ist Direktor des Instituts für Wachstum und Konjunktur an der Universit?t Hamburg. 《Wirtschaftsdienst》2006,86(3):204-208
In der Januarausgabe des WIRTSCHAFTSDIENST ver?ffentlichten wir einen Aufsatz von Professor Fritz Helmedag über die „Abh?ngigkeit
der Besch?ftigung von Steuern, Budgetdefiziten und L?hnen“. Hierzu eine Replik von Professor Bernd Lucke und eine Erwiderung
von Professor Fritz Helmedag. 相似文献
9.
The tourism industry is one of the largest industries in the world, and despite recent events that have made its operating
environment more complex, the industry continues to grow [Theobald, 2005, Global Tourism, 3rd edn., Butterworth-Heinemann/Elsevier]. Commensurate to the size of the industry is a growth in the number of students pursuing
degree courses in tourism around the world. Despite an increasingly sophisticated literature, the relative recency of the
industry and its study has meant little attention has been paid in the ethics literature to the dilemmas facing tourism managers
and its students. Based on interviews with senior members of the tourism industry six scenarios are developed with pertinence
to the challenges faced by industry practitioners today. This paper then applies the Multidimensional Ethics Scale [Reidenbach
and Robin, 1990, Journal of Business Ethics, 9, 639–653] to tourism students at three prominent universities in the U.K., Canada and Australia. In total, 438 responses
are achieved. The results have importance for the instruction of tourism students for the future, but also in informing decisions
about the tools tourism destinations can effectively employ to control the future direction of the industry 相似文献
10.
Small and medium-sized establishments (SMEs) account for a large proportion of industrial employment and production in almost
all countries. Moreover, the recent literature emphasizes the role SMEs play in nurturing entrepreneurship and generating
new
products and processes. Although SMEs could be a source of new ideas and innovations, there are substantial productivity differences
between small and large establishments.
In this paper, we analyze three sources of productivity differentials: technical efficiency, returns to scale, and technical
change. Our analysis on the creation, survival,
and growth of new establishments in Turkish manufacturing industries in the period 1987–1997 shows that all these three factors
play a very important role in determining
the survival probability and growth prospects of new establishments. 相似文献